Steps in writing essay
May 2019 Sat Essay Topic
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Oliver Twist Essays (332 words) - English-language Films
Oliver Twist Nancy a wonderful depiction of a mother life figure, stays standing for a poor honest kid. She deals with Oliver, a poor vagrant. Nancy likewise has a contention with in herself picking between great or underhandedness. Nancy was regularly beaten. Thinking it was to late for her to scan for a superior life, she remained in the organization of the criminals. Indeed, even with the rough disposition, Bill one of the criminal's in the pack, had towards her Nancy provoked him to guarantee the security of Oliver. Nancy assumed fault for events that could have caused Oliver to become hurt. At the point when Oliver is gotten, conveying books for Mr. Brownlow, Nancy and Bill Sikes take him to the forts that the hoodlums live in. There he is striped of his fabrics, cash and books. Nancy battles for Oliver's wellbeing among the men in the room. Hold back the pooch, Bill! cried Nancy, springing before the entryway and shutting it, as the Jew and his two students shot out in interest. Hold back the pooch: he'll tear the kid to pieces. Teach him a thing or two! cried Sikes, attempting to separate himself from the young lady's grip. Remain off from me, or I'll part your head against the divider. I couldn't care less for that Bill, I couldn't care less for that, shouted the young lady, battling viciously with the man: the youngster shan't be torn somewhere near the canine, except if you execute me first.(150) With the catch of Oliver Fagin the pioneer of the pack and Bill were disturbed that Oliver had run away. Bill's canine being in the room about tears Oliver the shreds yet Nancy spares him. Having this messy, appalling universe of wrongdoing pulled over her eyes, Nancy is irritated by how Oliver is dealt with and attempts to shield him from the shrewd world. Nancy being beat by Sikes is casualty brutality subsequently doesn't think she has some other life to go to. She makes some hard memories with great and insidiousness choosing where she stands. Be that as it may, she is resolved to deal with Oliver so he can have a superior life.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The Inflexibility and Hubris of Okonkwo in Chinua Achebeââ¬â¢s Things Fall
The Inflexibility and Hubris of Okonkwo in Chinua Achebeââ¬â¢s Things Fall Apart This tale is the complete lamentable model about the disintegration of the African Ibo culture by Nigerian creator, Chinua Achebe. Okonkwo, an incredible and courageous pioneer, is bound by his resoluteness and hubris. He is driven by dread of disappointment. He had no tolerance with fruitless men. He had no tolerance with his dad. Unoka, for that was his dad's name, had kicked the bucket ten years back. In his day he was apathetic and improvident, and was very unequipped for pondering tomorrow. (Achebe,4). The peruser gets an uncommon and outlandish comprehension of an absolutely remote and antiquated culture encountering the developing agonies of pilgrim extension during the British mastery of Nigeria in the late 1800's. Okonkwo's fierceness is shown in the completing of his own fear precisely inside his family, his locale, and the intruders. His fierceness, conceived of dread, is his malevolence. During the Week of Peace, one of Okonkwo's spouses, Ojiugo, has left the compound, disregarding her kids and residential obligations, to plait her hair. Also, when she returned, he beat her intensely. In his annoyance he had overlooked that it was the Week of Peace. His initial two spouses ran out in incredible caution begging him that it was the hallowed week. (Achebe, 29) But Okonkwo was not a man to quit beating someone part of the way through, not in any event, because of a paranoid fear of a goddess. (Achebe, 30) Being not able to twist, he loses poise and in the end all he has once represented. The epic models rituals, commencements, and ancestral traditions whose pictures can be upsetting to western attitude, yet additionally focuses on the equals and need in all societies to have such services recognizing significant occasions in... ... make intriguing perusing. One could nearly compose an entire section on him. Maybe not an entire section but rather a sensible passage, at any rate ... He had just picked the title of the book, after much idea: The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes On The Lower Niger. (Achebe, 208-209) Achebe proposes that expansionism has prompted this whole catastrophe, however the seeds of fear and self-will are evident in Okonkwo. He isn't a survivor. We will likely endure. In our excursion through this life of good and abhorrence impacts, we deliberately pick our own end by the decisions we make en route. Achievement can be characterized as the acknowledgment of the entirety of our experience that has driven us where we are today. Acknowledgment of ourselves is the way to acknowledgment and resistance of others. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Oxford, Eng.: Heinemann Educational Pub., 1996.
Sunday, July 26, 2020
We met an alumnus from the Class of 1952
We met an alumnus from the Class of 1952 At 9:50 last night, Lucas â14 and I were walking through Building 14 to go bouldering on MITs climbing wall. As we rounded the corner, a woman called out: âPlease, will you help us? We need somebody who is very strong!â Building 14 is shaped like a square and has a square courtyard cut out in the middle. The hallways along the edges are lined with big windows, and one of the windows was flapping around on its hinge. The woman was standing with an elderly man, and the two of them had been trying unsuccessfully to fasten it shut. The climbing wall is run by volunteer staff, who are in many cases experienced MIT students. Lucas has been climbing since his freshman year and is now a staff member, which means that he has the authority to open up the wall whenever he likes. It also means that he is very strong, so I pointed at him and announced that âheâs very strong!â Lucas dutifully hopped over to the window and tugged. He realized that there was a problem with the latch and rod, and started fiddling with them. I realized that it would be easier to close the window from the outside, so I gingerly stepped through the window into the courtyard. Lucas pulled out a Leatherman from his pocket (Lucas, why did you have a Leatherman in your pocket?) and I supported the window with a knee and both hands. From outside, I could see how the latch had to be adjusted in order for the locking mechanism to work, so I called instructions through the window. The man and woman stood back and watched. I thought, this is what it must be like to play an Olympic sport. They oohâd and aahâd, and Lucas got a particularly loud âWOW!â when he pulled out his Leatherman. The man asked what Lucas is majoring in (physics) and said something about how engineers, not physicists, do things like carry around tools. Finally, the window locked. I waved silently at Lucas and our two new friends through the window, then wandered around the courtyard perimeter until I found a way to get back into the hallway. After receiving extensive congratulations from our spectators, we said our goodbyes and âyouâre welcomeâs and hurried out of Building 14 towards Walker Memorial, home of the bouldering wall. It was dark and drizzling. Out of nowhere, a guy came hurtling in our direction and, huffing and puffing, managed to spit out âKresge Auditorium. Where is it?â I looked around. Were we on some reality TV show about MIT students helping strangers? Lucas apparently has a much faster reaction time than I do, since in the seconds it took for me to process what had been asked, he was already walking the stranger over to the end of the Infinite Corridor. In the meantime, the two people from Building 14 caught up with us. They had heard the exchange, and the elderly man leaned towards me as if sharing a secret. âyour friend isnât a physicist, he revealed. Heâs a social worker!â After chatting for a few more minutes, it emerged that the man is an MIT alumnus: Class of 1952. He lived in Senior Haus and majored in Course 10 (Chemical Engineering). He visited his old dorm room last year, he said, and âit has been changed quite a bit.â He asked what area of physics we work in (condensed matter for Lucas, astrophysics for me) and what our plans are for next year (Harvard grad school for Lucas, Germany for a year and then Caltech grad school for me). âI went to Harvard for graduate school too!â he said, âin environmental science.â Finally, he said that it must be finals period (it is) and that he should let us go study (I didnât mention that we were on our way to go rock climbing, not to study). We shook hands and exchanged names. He wished us luck with everything and ambled away in the rain, while his companion called out to me and said âHE WORKED ON THE APOLLO 11 PROJECT!â Lucas and I walked up the stairs into Walker Memorial. I said that I think itâs wonderful that this is the kind of institution that alums come back to visit when theyâre over 80 years old. Lucas said that he hopes he does the same.
Friday, May 22, 2020
Traffic Jam in Lagos State, Nigeria - 1434 Words
TRAFFIC JAM IN LAGOS STATE, CAUSES AND EFFECTS INTRODUCTION Traffic Jam is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times and increased vehicular queuing. There are all sorts of things that give Lagos a bad name. If itââ¬â¢s not the heaps of rubbish on the roads or the unwelcome attention you get from area boys and armed robbers, then itââ¬â¢s the epileptic power supply. But these arent really a problem if youre rich enough to buy a car with heavily tinted windows, live in a relatively crime free area and get a generator. The one thing that you cant get away from (unless you are drawing megawatts of power from the political grid and can get your own siren to blast your wayâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦5. Rush hour: When motorists are caught up on some particular roads during rush-hour, it causes more traffic. This is often between 6am to 9am and 4pm to 11pm. 6. The Police Checkpoint Traffic Jam: It wouldnââ¬â¢t be so bad if they chose to set up their checkpoints near a pothole, but no? Itââ¬â¢s usually the straightest, smoothest, driest roads they choose to snarl up with their toll booths? Sorry, checkpoints. 7. The Fuel Queue Traffic Jam: This type of jam is usually found near petrol stations when there is a fuel shortage, and is caused by vehicles queuing for fuel and taking up whole lanes of traffic as a result. Thatââ¬â¢s bad enough, but the tension created by a large number of drivers desperate to get hold of fuel from the small amount available at the station means that this type of jam easily spawns lots of children Vehicle Accident and Undisciplined Driver Traffic Jams. 8. The High Human Density Traffic Jam. I know that the road is for vehicles and the pavements (or what pass for pavements in Lagos) are for pedestrians and other non-road users. But there are places (like Idumota and Oshodi) where there is such a density of human beings that the mass of non-road users oozes into the road and gums up the traffic. Itââ¬â¢s often so bad that you even have pedestrian traffic jams alongside the vehicular jams. Economic effects of Traffic Jam on the Society and Environment Traffic jam affects the society in the following ways: 1. It creates mental stress in motorists 2.Show MoreRelatedChurch Proliferation in Nigeria Society4318 Words à |à 18 Pagesââ¬â October 2011] ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF CHURCH PROLIFERATION: THE REDEEMED CHRISTIAN CHURCH OF GOD AS A CASE STUDY IBIYINKA OLUSOLA ADESANYA, PhD DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION UNIVERSITY OF ADO-EKITI ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE NIGERIA Abstract The environmental effects of proliferation of churches continued to be a major concern to all and particularly those in the mainstream of environmental protection. 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Traffic delays are now the common experience due to difficulty in traffic management arising from the complex interaction between traffic and land use. I am going to be using ikeja and its environs as my case study to dictate Lagos state Land use and transportation characteristics. A given development will affect transport demand in three waysRead MoreAir pollution: A significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in many large cities of the developing world.5088 Words à |à 21 Pagesadopted. Strategies should involve better traffic management and control of vehicle and industrial emissions, use of cleaner and safer fuels for household needs, employment of pollution forecasting technologies and strict legislations to ensure adherence to guidelines on air safety. INTRODUCTION On Earth, air quality is continually compromised due to rapid growth of the population in cities, development of industry and intensification of road traffic (Krzyzanowsk and Schwela, 1999). In recentRead MoreLinkages Of Peri Urban Community9971 Words à |à 40 PagesLINKAGES OF PERI-URBAN COMMUNITY TO LAGOS MEGACITY: CASE STUDY OF MOWE-IBAFO Names ALABINTEI JOSHUA Matric Number 110503017 Department URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING Faculty ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Institution UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS,AKOKA. Supervisor H.O JIMOH PROJECT, 2015 1.1 INTRODUCTION Peri-urban is a term often used in literature texts concerning town planning and urban growth, yet there is a need to properly define the term andRead MoreCountry Risk Analysis of Nigeria8877 Words à |à 36 Pagesrisk of Nigeria. In this regard we have identified their culture, people, economy, investment, opportunity, some key problems like Corruption, bureaucracy, piracy, Counterfeit, Criminal activities and fraud, legal safeguards etc. This paper also intends to show the regulatory framework issue, micro economic and macroeconomic issue to give a detailed picture of the Nigerian business Risk. But there are also upside risks especially to inflation, which could create challenges for Nigeria given emergingRead MoreAirline and Virgin Atlantic Airways9278 Words à |à 38 Pagesservice experience. The airline introduced luxury i.e. business travel amenities that are not offered to first-class passengers of other airlines such as state-of-the-art reclining seats, in-flight massages, hair stylists, aromatherapists and motorcycle and limo home pick-up service. Also, a luxury boat service was offered to subjugate London traffic jams. These features among others change the travel experience of customers, may it be from first or economy classes. Virgin Atlantic Airways aims to recreate
Friday, May 8, 2020
Analysis Of The Movie Carrie - 1245 Words
Carrie was more of a quiet person who never did anything to anyone. She worked hard on her grades. She wasnââ¬â¢t a very outgoing person. Carrieââ¬â¢s hair was dyed pink, she usually wore ripped jeans and plain t-shirts. Alison on the other hand was the total opposite of Carrie. Alison was known as the school bully. She never did her homework, and she was loud and outgoing and not to mention very mean. Alison had black hair and usually wore shorts and t-shirts. Both Carrie and Alison had blue eyes. One day Carrie was walking down the hallway, they hallway had white walls and white tiled floor with one colorful tiled tile. Alison was walking towards her. When Alison got closer to Carrie she started bullying her by saying very mean and offensive things to her like ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢re stupid, youââ¬â¢re ugly and no one likes you!ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Carrie didnââ¬â¢t say anything to her just ignored her. When Alison saw Carrie had no reaction she pushed Carrie into a wall. Carrie hit the back of her head on the locker and fell to her knees afterwards. She cried because of the pain it caused. Months went by and Alisonââ¬â¢s bullying got worse verbally and physically. One day it got to Carrie and she finally stood up for herself, she wasnââ¬â¢t going to get bullied into silence. The next day Alison came up to her and before she could say anything Carrie said in a firm voice ââ¬Å"What is your problem? Iââ¬â¢ve never done anything to you. Why are you bullying me? If something is going on at home talk to someone about it.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Alison justShow MoreRelatedMovie Sex And The City1735 Words à |à 7 Pages The romantic comedy movie Sex and the City was centered on four main characters. The story was told in the point of view of the main character, Carrie Bradshaw. For the purpose of the concept analysis paper, we were told to evaluate possible characters who may exhibit possible mental disorders. According to MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary (2015), a mental disorder is define as the disorganization of emotions, personality, and mind that have a serious impact on the normal psychological functioningRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Good Lie1610 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Good Lie Movie Analysis The good lie is a movie about a refugee family from war ridden Sudan. They begin as children trying to fight for their lives on the way to safety, losing a brother along the way to a group of soldiers. When they finally reach the refugee camp they find: a safe place to stay, warm food, and new clothes. Shortly after their arrival they lose yet another brother. They patiently wait for a plane ticket out of Sudan, and after thirteen long years, they get their chance. TheyRead MoreFilm Analysis of Memento Essay845 Words à |à 4 PagesFilm Analysis of Memento Columbia Tristar Films starring Guy Pearce, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Joe Pantoliano released ââ¬Å"Mementoâ⬠in 2001. The movie was produced by Suzanne and Jennifer Todd, and was directed by Christopher Nolan. Christopher Nolan also wrote the short story and screenplay. This film is about a man named Leonard, played by Guy Pearce, who suffered a major brain injury to the hippocampus that left him with a rare memory disorder called anterograde amnesiaRead MoreBec Case Questions Chapter 51166 Words à |à 5 PagesCase Study - (2,6,7,8,9) 2. Develop a detailed project schedule for the analysis phase and a general project schedule for subsequent phases of this project. This schedule should follow from answers to questions in BEC cases from prior chapters and from any class project guidelines given to you by your instructor. Be prepared to suggest a different overall schedule than the 18 workweeks indicated in the case if your available project time is different from this project length. Also prepareRead MoreThe Dipiction of Teens in Society through Films2480 Words à |à 10 Pageshave negative views. Many adults believe teenagers offer civilization a bleak future. The purpose of this study is to determine approximately how much teenagers are repeatedly being depicted as negative. Susannah R. Stern (2005) conducted this analysis of teenagers in popular films to examine how much influence certain messages of teenage motivations and behaviors have on adults in the audience. The hypothesis of Sternââ¬â¢s (2005) experiment was that popular films are negatively influencing adultsRead MoreDarth Vaders Psychological Profile Essay1630 Words à |à 7 PagesAlex K. Ms. Fitzgibbons Adv. Psychology-C October 31, 2011 A Psychological Analysis of the Character of Darth Vader The Star Wars franchise has enlightened us about visions of the possible future; from flying cities to powerful weapons that can destroy entire planets. The mystical Jedi, the guardians of the Galactic Republic and users of the light side, fighting the Sith, evil warriors of cunning and treachery who use the dark side, both of whom wield the Force, an interconnecting ofRead MoreEternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind Narrative Analysis2135 Words à |à 9 PagesKami Naughton Professor Chris Cooling Introduction to Film 21 September 2015 Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Narrative Analysis Charlie Kaufman and Michel Gondry found the perfect, fragmented form to simulate memories in the non-linear storyline of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004). The thematic elements of the film helps this simplistic story of love found, lost, and found again develop into a complex pattern, much like the workings of the brain. Each character is everything youRead MoreA Response To Night Shift : Strawberry Spring Short Story1220 Words à |à 5 Pagesnovels and short stories with creepy settings; King admits that he fears bugs to add to the list of things that freaks him out. One of his earlier short stories from 1976, women at college fall victim to a ââ¬Å"Jack the Ripperâ⬠style character. My analysis of Kingââ¬â¢s use of the literary elements, combined with his horror reflected in his short story, ââ¬Å"Strawberry Springâ⬠. (The Fact Site, 8 Apr. 2017) Author Stephen Edwin King was born on September 21, 1947, in Portland, Maine. King is one of the mostRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Strawberry Spring By Stephen King1288 Words à |à 6 Pagesfall victim to a ââ¬Å"Jack the Ripperâ⬠style character with a mysterious fog that weighs heavy over the campus. King, the narrator, also a student, leads us on a twisted tale in a foggy New England town to search who committed the horrifying acts. My analysis of Stephen Kingââ¬â¢s use of the literary elements, together with his history of horror reflected from his short story, ââ¬Å"Strawberry Springâ⬠(The Fact Site, 8 Apr. 2017) Author Stephen Edwin King was born on September 21, 1947, in Portland, Maine. KingRead MoreIron Jawed Angels2588 Words à |à 11 PagesTitle: Summary, Reaction, and Analysis Paper #1: Iron-Jawed Angels Iron Jawed Angels is a story of two women fighting for womenââ¬â¢s rights. They led the struggle for the passage of the 19th amendment to the constitution which gave women the right to vote. These two women along with others petitioned, campaigned, and picketed to publicize the issue. After being arrested for ââ¬Å"traffic violationsâ⬠a group of women spent time in Occoquan Workhouse. Here they went on a hunger strike to protest
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Viral Marketing Effectiveness and Implementation Free Essays
Word-Of-Mouth Marketing: Effectiveness and Implementation Submitted by: Spandana Araga Marketing II Term Paper How it works Advertising agencies and marketing experts get paid big money to create ads that are unforgettable. But getting those ads seen and getting people to talk about them are two of the biggest challenges facing any advertiser these days. It is a common misconception that memorable marketing campaigns require big budgets. We will write a custom essay sample on Viral Marketing: Effectiveness and Implementation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Somewhere along the line, marketers came up with a brilliant solution: let the customers spread the word themselves.Word-OfMouth Marketing(WOM), also known as Viral Marketing consists of advertising campaigns and messages that depend on peer to peer forwarding. WOM plays on the common sense that when a person likes something, they want to talk about it. They create a potential for exponential growth like a ââ¬Å"virusâ⬠, and hence the name. Trusav et al (2009) in a study of WOM versus traditional marketing found that WOM referrals have a strong impact on new customer acquisition. The long-term elasticity of signups with respect to WOM was estimated to be . 3. The elasticity for WOM is approximately 20 times higher than that for marketing events and 30 times that of media appearances Effectiveness of WOM According to the article, ââ¬Å"Word-Of-Mouth Marketing will change your businessâ⬠by Hedges and Chung word-of-mouth marketing ââ¬Å"gives brands a powerful and influential way to engage their target audience. The article talks about how consumers are very vocal about their views especially when it comes to personal care products like cosmetics.Projections by eMarketer predict 72 million U. S. adults will regularly give WOM advice about products or services in 2011, up from 65 million in 2006. There are 3. 5 billion WOM conversations occurring daily in the U. S. , according to the Keller Fay Group. Though 92% of these conversations are through off line means- face to face or phone- a vast majority of the influencers depend on the internet to get more information and make decisions.From plain old word of mouth, now with the use of social networking sites such as facebook, youtube and twitter, the effects of viral marketing campaigns can be amplified. For example Barack Obama got the youth to vote, a task many thought impossible, by utilizing social networking sites. He accomplished this by strategically tapping into nearly every major social media outlet. At the time of Obamaââ¬â¢s inauguration in January 2009, the President had 3 million friends on facebook, 3000 videos on Youtube and several followers on twitter and myspace.Implementation Though most marketers will agree that WOM is an effective marketing tool, surprisingly, not many choose to utilise it. A CMO Council survey found 56% of senior marketers saying their companies have no programs to track or propagate positive WOM. Marketers would benefit by keeping track of what is being said about their product and learning ways to infiltrate, influence and spark conversations about their products. Word of Mouth Marketing Association outlines some positive WOM guidelines. The first is creating communities and connecting people. This can be in the form of creating user groups and fan clubs, supporting independent groups that form around your product, hosting discussions and message boards about your products. Avon hired Communispace to create a private online customer community, where the company can develop and maintain relationships with its brand advocates. Another guideline is motivating brand advocates and evangelists to actively promote a product by providing recognition and tools to active advocates, recruiting new advocates, and teaching new advocates about the benefits of the products and encouraging them to spread the word.For example WOM services such as SheSpeaks and BzzAgent are a great way to recruit new brand advocates and engage them into the brand. The initial conversation starter is product sampling, but long-lasting relationships can be formed. It is of outmost importance to engage in transparent conversation. WOM campaigns work best when the marketer can engage in two-way conversation wit h consumers. Some simple ways to execute include creating blogs and other tools to share information or participating openly on online blogs and discussions.For a brand to build an impactful WOM online or off -line campaign some touch-points need to be defined. First the marketer needs to identify who the ââ¬Å"Talkersâ⬠are-the ideal brand advocates who will tell their friends about the brand. This target group has to be defined and then be wooed to become true advocates for the brand. Next, the ââ¬Å"Toolsâ⬠have to be identified- the campaign mediums or resources through which the message can travel (online, off-line or integrated).An effective tactic to make the message spread faster is to disguise the message as something which is entertaining and interesting enough that it begs to be passed around. It needs to be remembered that viral marketing is not about the product but about the message. Next it is to be decided how the brand owner will be ââ¬Å"Taking Partâ⬠- how the marketer should directly or indirectly join the conversation while being careful not to be heavy-handed and giving thousands or millions of potential customers a platform to interact. An important final step is ââ¬Å"Trackingâ⬠.It has to be decided on how the research will be collected, analyzed, disseminated and utilized to best impact the brand. A mistake many marketers do is rushing into a WOM campaign without a clear strategy or vision. There is a dangerous flipside to WOM- in the absence of an authentic, wellconstructed brand message, consumers will unleash their own impressions which could be positive or negative to fill the void, and todayââ¬â¢s speed of light communication platforms enable those homemade brand messages to travel at lightening speed.Brands must fiercely protect the brand assets and remain loyal to the core brand identity in order to gain the respect of the masses. Profitable brands can be built on deploying WOM smartly. The online success of the beauty brand e. l. f. Cosmetics is a good example. Joseph Shamah, the brandââ¬â¢s CEO says that WOM has been very effective for them and more than 80% of their customers say they heard about the brand from a friend. How to cite Viral Marketing: Effectiveness and Implementation, Papers
Tuesday, April 28, 2020
Religion and the Founding of the American Republic free essay sample
G. K. Chesterton depicts the early republic as a nation with the soul of a church 1 meaning that America was founded on religious principles. Many of those who came to the colonies did so for religious refuge from the Church of England. Although there were many independent religious groups in the new colonies, the commonality they shared was the desire to practice their separate beliefs. This religious foundation influenced the political and social structure of the colonies as they became an independent and separate nation from Great Britain. Colonists seeking religious efuge from England characterized the early days of the American colonies. Religious freedom was the unifying factor among colonists coming to America to escape persecution from The Church of England. The Monarchy left very little room for individuality or independence among religious groups, thus groups such as the Puritans and Roman Catholics came to America seeking refuge from persecution. They were seeking a place where they would have the opportunity to share and practice their religious beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and the Founding of the American Republic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This common ground of religious refuge was a crucial catalyst in the American Revolution. However, because there was no monarchy forcing the citizenry to conform to one religion, division was created among colonists. Puritans wishing to cleanse the Church of England from Catholic influence commonly came into conflict with Roman Catholics, many times persecuting or even banishing them from the region in some cases. In the case of Puritans in Massachusetts who were not tolerant of any other religious group, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Quakers were banished and Catholics were not accepted. The same happened with Virginian Anglicans saying if not our religion, no religion. 2 This intolerance led toa separation between people, which inevitably weakened America. The founders of America realized the success of Pennsylvania with its emphasis on separation of church and state. People were given the choice of which religion to follow without the government interfering or persecuting them. Religion in the early republic was the base for politics and government. A new structure of government had to be formed in the new nation, as they were no longer governed by a monarchy. It was agreed that the former political structure did not work and an entirely new government run y the people, for the people was necessary for the future success of America. Congress was both a supporting and an opposing force of Christianity and religion. Laws requiring the population as a whole to attend church and be catechized by ministers were enforced to keep a strong Christian influence in American society, as well as the printing of the first English language Bibles, authorized by Congress. Government was not always in favor of freedom of religion, especially on the state level. In New Amsterdam, the Dutch governor, not in support of welcoming all religions as William Penn was, tried to make free worship difficult for Jews. In Maryland staunch Puritans deported Catholic leaders to England as prisoners after inspiration from the English Civil War and later attempted to outlaw the Catholic governments were often not as open to ideas as each region had a different religious sect that was not accepting of other groups. Pennsylvania was a prime and isolated example of a state that welcomed all religious groups without persecution. Congress was extremely influenced by Christianity, as shown by their adoption of a covenant theology which said that there was a sort of contract between man and God whereas God would use punishment as payment for his sins and reward him with blessings for his faithfulness. The war with Britain was seen through the covenant theology as a punishment from God for Americas sins. America as a whole had to recognize Gods overruling Providence, the war and the evils that caused it, confess and repent of their sins, and look for deliverance from God. Perhaps this is why Congress stressed America as a whole remaining Christian. Religion in America also supported the American Revolution for independence as stated by Charles Mayhew: Resistance to a tyrant [is] a glorious Christian duty3. The yearning for religious freedom, regardless of which group of Christianity they were a part of, united colonists. Without this desire, the American Revolution would never have occurred, or at the very least would have been postponed many years. If they had been satisfied with complying to British law and Joining the Church of England there never would have been a sense of urgency to separate for their religion. It was the need to follow their own individual set of beliefs that sparked a revolutionary attitude. Preachers of the time used religion combined with politics to incite this patriotic feeling in colonists hat caused the Revolution. To a certain extent one could say America was founded on religious freedom, however this is not entirely true. The majority of colonists did come to America to practice their religious beliefs. The Pilgrims who were Puritans had tried to purify the Church of England, but were rejected and persecuted because of it. They came to Massachusetts for refuge. There is an ironic tone in the fact that people came to escape religious persecution though because upon arriving, the Puritans persecuted groups such as the Catholics, Baptists, and Quakers. In Maryland, like stated above, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Quakers were all banished and an attempt was made to go as far as outlawing Catholicism. Anne Hutchinson, the first female religious leader, was banished from Boston and had to seek refuge in Rhode Island due to the fact that she did not conform to Puritan thought. Despite America being a place of refuge for martyred peoples, persecution still made its way through. There were few places in early America such as Pennsylvania that were actually accepting of all religious groups. It is obvious that early America was a place ounded on religion, however, it is less evident that it was a Christian nation. Colonists did come because they did not want to follow any government mandated religion, they wanted to follow what they thought was the true religion, showing that Christianity was important to them. In fact they felt their belief was the right belief so strongly that they were willing to fght their mother country which was much larger, more established, and prepared than they were, to protect their right to religious freedom. A personal relationship with God was also more important to colonists. Like in the Protestant Reformation, colonists wanted not to be told what to believe, they wanted to believe what their denomination believed. The point can be made though that many American colonists simply followed their religion because that is what example, was not colonized by religiously passionate people but mainly by businessmen chasing money and power. Religious people did not always portray Christian characteristics either, shown in the mistreatment of Native Americans and other religious groups. In the case of the Puritans who persecuted other religious roups that came to America for similar reasons, they did not show Christ-like tolerance and kindness as the Quakers did. They were not entirely unified under Christ either as the Bible commands. Religion in the Early Republic can be classified in several ways. It was generic in that Congress supported religion and Christian principles nationwide. Unlike Englands monarchy which supported only the Church of England, Congress supported Christianity as a whole, not a specific denomination of Christianity. The concept of religious freedom unifying colonists of early America is lso relatively general. They were not unified as being all Quakers seeking religious refuge or only Catholics, they were unified by their separate identities. Because they did not want one religion forced upon them, their individual groups bound them. However, religion was also specific in many ways. Each state or region had its own specific religious group. Massachusetts was dominated by Puritans, as were many of the northern states. Maryland was a struggle between Catholics and Puritans. Pennsylvania was a melting pot of smaller denominations that were persecuted by he Puritans. Each group had a set of distinct convictions that they were willing to fght for. Denominations such as the Puritans, Quakers, and Catholics were very orthodox. Each group had a variation of orthodox and minimalist believers however. Puritans were very strict in their belief system and truly wanted to have a pure religion. Quakers and Catholics also uncompromisingly followed their beliefs as well though. However, Virginia which was mainly colonized by businessmen, was more minimalist in its approach, beliefs and practices, as most attended church because it as socially acceptable, not because they were pursuing knowledge of the Bible. Men such as Benjamin Franklin, who was thought to be a deist, are also minimalist.
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